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人一旦害怕风险，就会什么事都做不成。何况瞬息万变得现在，所有的变化都是风险，在这样的环境中，只一味追求安定，守成，因害怕风险什么都不做的话，才是最大的“风险”。

柳井正


就算再年轻，再没有经验，只要能学会解决问题的方法，能够自主思考，付诸行动，无论是谁都有可能达到令人刮目相看的成绩。 这种能力并非与生俱来，而是训练就能学会的后天技能。

大前研一

Millionaire Strategies

The Easy Way

The simplest way to become a millionaire is to choose the right parents and/or grandparents. Paris Hilton of the Hilton Hotel chain fortune "chose" this route, as did Jamie Johnson of Johnson & Johnson and many others. Since our lineage and the occasional corresponding trust funds are usually out of our control, most of us can't take advantage of this method.

If you're incredibly lucky or have a knack for trivia, you might have a chance at winning the lottery, hitting it big in Las Vegas or winning a load of cash on a game show. But those methods may or may not throw you into the millionaire circle. Plus, with the Las Vegas approach you may find that you're hooked (in which case, you should see our How Craps Works article) and subsequently lose your fortune on your next boondoggle.

If you have extreme athletic talent, you stand a slim chance of making millions as a professional athlete. LeBron James, who went straight from high school to the NBA, got a $90 million contract from Nike before he had even played a single professional basketball game.

Bill Gates has the best of both worlds. Not only is Bill Gates an ambitious and extremely successful entrepreneur, he also had the cushion of a million-dollar trust fund to fall back on -- just in case. Most ordinary people don't have that kind of luck, but that didn't stop over 7 million people from becoming millionaires anyway.

The Harder Way

Even if you're not a trust-fund baby and aren't the luckiest person around, you can still make it big. As we mentioned earlier, most millionaires are self-made, ordinary people very much like you. But they set a goal to become a millionaire -- or at least a goal to achieve financial freedom. In order to achieve their goals, most of them started their own businesses simply because it's difficult to earn enough money to become a millionaire when you're working for someone else. Instead, you're making them a millionaire.

Nothing is a sure thing. But if you want to really have a chance at making a million dollars then working for yourself is one of the best ways. Of course, starting your own business means taking a risk, but it may not be the risk we've always thought it to be. According to an article at Business.com, the old saying that nine out of 10 new businesses fail just isn't true. The author, Dan Kehrer, says that "a review of businesses gone bust by StartupJournal.com, a Dow Jones & Co. division, shows that the number of outright business failures in the United States is highly exaggerated".

The article also explains that about one-third of business closures that government statistics assume to be failures are actually successful businesses. Their owners simply sold off pieces of the business or closed them to retire or pursue other activities.

Data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Business Tracking Series show about 65 percent of new businesses still operating after four years. Another recent study estimates that only 10 percent of the nation's 5.5 million small businesses (not counting solo operators) close each year.

With this outlook for success, maybe starting that new business isn't such a risk after all. If you do fail, just remember that with each failure comes experience and knowledge to help the next venture succeed. Many self-made millionaires failed at businesses before they got it right. And each time they failed, they learned a lesson for their next business idea.

Which factors determine how much you should be willing to pay for a stock?

The long-term prospects

Nowadays, the intelligent investor should begin by downloading at least five years’ worth of annual reports from the company’s website database at then comb through the financial statements, gathering evidence to help you answer two overriding questions.

1) What makes this company grow?

2) Where do (and where will) its profits come from?

Among the problems to watch for:

• The company is a “serial acquirer.” An average of more than two or three acquisitions a year is a sign of potential trouble. After all, if the company itself would rather buy the stock of other businesses than invest in its own, shouldn’t you take the hint and look elsewhere too? And check the company’s track record as an acquirer. Watch out for corporate bulimics—firms that wolf down big acquisitions, only to end up vomiting them back out. Lucent, Mattel, Quaker Oats, and Tyco International are among the companies that have had to disgorge acquisitions at sickening losses. Other firms take chronic write-offs, or accounting charges proving that they overpaid for their past acquisitions. That’s a bad omen for future deal making.

• The company is an OPM addict, borrowing debt or selling stock to raise boatloads of Other People’s Money. These fat infusions of OPM are labelled “cash from financing activities” on the statement of cash flows in the annual report. They can make a sick company appear to be growing even if its underlying businesses are not generating enough cash—as Global Crossing and WorldCom showed not long ago.

To determine whether a company is an OPM addict, read the “Statement of Cash Flows” in the financial statements. This page breaks down the company’s cash inflows and outflows into “operating activities,” “investing activities,” and “financing activities.” If cash from operating activities is consistently negative, while cash from financing activities is consistently positive, the company has a habit of craving more cash than its own businesses can produce—and you should not join the “enablers” of that habitual abuse.

• The company is a Johnny-One-Note, relying on one customer (or a handful) for most of its revenues. In October 1999, fiber-optics maker Sycamore Networks, Inc. sold stock to the public for the first time. The prospectus revealed that one customer, Williams Communications, accounted for 100% of Sycamore’s $11 million in total revenues. Traders blithely valued Sycamore’s shares at $15 billion. Unfortunately, Williams went bankrupt just over two years later. Although Sycamore picked up other customers, its stock lost 97% between 2000 and 2002. As you study the sources of growth and profit, stay on the lookout for positives as well as negatives.

Among the good signs:

• The company has a wide “moat,” or competitive advantage. Like castles, some companies can easily be stormed by marauding competitors, while others are almost impregnable. Several forces can widen a company’s moat: a strong brand identity (think of Harley Davidson, whose buyers tattoo the company’s logo onto their bodies); a monopoly or near-monopoly on the market; economies of scale, or the ability to supply huge amounts of goods or services cheaply (consider Gillette, which churns out razor blades by the billion); a unique intangible asset (think of Coca-Cola, whose secret formula for flavored syrup has no real physical value but maintains a priceless hold on consumers); a resistance to substitution (most businesses have no alternative to electricity, so utility companies are unlikely to be supplanted any time soon).

• The company is a marathoner, not a sprinter. By looking back at the income statements, you can see whether revenues and net earnings have grown smoothly and steadily over the previous 10 years. A recent article in the Financial Analysts Journal confirmed what other studies (and the sad experience of many investors) have shown: that the fastest-growing companies tend to overheat and flame out. If earnings are growing at a long-term rate of 10% pretax (or 6% to 7% after-tax), that may be sustainable. But the 15% growth hurdle that many companies set for themselves is delusional. And an even higher rate—or a sudden burst of growth in one or two years—is all but certain to fade, just like an inexperienced marathoner who tries to run the whole race as if it were a 100-meter dash.

• The company sows and reaps. No matter how good its products or how powerful its brands, a company must spend some money to develop new business. While research and development spending is not a source of growth today, it may well be tomorrow—particularly if a firm has a proven record of rejuvenating its businesses with new ideas and equipment. The average budget for research and development varies across industries and companies. In 2002, Procter & Gamble spent about 4% of its net sales on R & D, while 3M spent 6.5% and Johnson & Johnson 10.9%. In the long run, a company that spends nothing on R & D is at least as vulnerable as one that spends too much.

The quality and conduct of management 

A company’s executives should say what they will do, then do what they said. Read the past annual reports to see what forecasts the managers made and if they fulfilled them or fell short. Managers should forthrightly admit their failures and take responsibility for them, rather than blaming all-purpose scapegoats like “the economy,” “uncertainty,” or “weak demand.” Check whether the tone and substance of the chairman’s letter stay constant, or fluctuate with the latest fads on Wall Street.

Pay special attention to boom years like 1999: Did the executives of a cement or underwear company suddenly declare that they were “on the leading edge of the transformative software revolution”?

These questions can also help you determine whether the people who run the company will act in the interests of the people who own the company:

Are they looking out for No. 1?

A firm that pays its CEO $100 million in a year had better have a very good reason. (Perhaps he discovered—and patented—the Fountain of Youth? Or found El Dorado and bought it for $1 an acre? Or contacted life on another planet and negotiated a contract obligating the aliens to buy all their supplies from only one company on Earth?) Otherwise, this kind of obscenely obese payday suggests that the firm is run by the managers, for the managers. If a company reprices (or “reissues” or “exchanges”) its stock options for insiders, stay away. In this switcheroo, a company cancels existing (and typically worthless) stock options for employees and executives, then replaces them with new ones at advantageous prices. If their value is never allowed to go to zero, while their potential profit is always infinite, how can options encourage good stewardship of corporate assets? Any established company that reprices options—as dozens of high-tech firms have—is a disgrace. And any investor who buys stock in such a company is a sheep begging to be sheared. By looking in the annual report for the mandatory footnote about stock options, you can see how large the “option overhang” is. AOL Time Warner, for example, reported in the front of its annual report that it had 4.5 billion shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2002—but a footnote in the bowels of the report reveals that the company had issued options on 657 million more shares. So AOL’s future earnings will have to be divided among 15% more shares. You should factor in the potential flood of new shares from stock options whenever you estimate a company’s future value. There can be legitimate reasons for an insider to sell—diversification, a bigger house, a divorce settlement—but repeated big sales are a bright red flag. A manager can’t legitimately be your partner if he keeps selling while you’re buying.

Are they managers or promoters?

Executives should spend most of their time managing their company in private, not promoting it to the investing public. All too often, CEOs complain that their stock is undervalued no matter how high it goes—forgetting Graham’s insistence that managers should try to keep the stock price from going either too low or too high. Meanwhile, all too many chief financial officers give “earnings guidance,” or guesstimates of the company’s quarterly profits. And some firms are hype-o-chondriacs, constantly spewing forth press releases boasting of temporary, trivial, or hypothetical “opportunities.” A handful of companies—including Coca-Cola, Gillette, and USA Interactive—have begun to “just say no” to Wall Street’s short-term thinking. These few brave outfits are providing more detail about their current budgets and long-term plans, while refusing to speculate about what the next 90 days might hold. Finally, ask whether the company’s accounting practices are designed to make its financial results transparent—or opaque. If “nonrecurring” charges keep recurring, “extraordinary” items crop up so often that they seem ordinary, acronyms like EBITDA take priority over net income, or “pro forma” earnings are used to cloak actual losses, you may be looking at a firm that has not yet learned how to put its shareholders’ long-term interests first.

Financial strength and capital structure 

A good business is this: It generates more cash than it consumes. Good managers keep finding ways of putting that cash to productive use. In the long run, companies that meet this definition are virtually certain to grow in value, no matter what the stock market does.

Start by reading the statement of cash flows in the company’s annual report. See whether cash from operations has grown steadily throughout the past 10 years. Then you can go further. Warren Buffett has popularized the concept of owner earning.

Owner Earning = Net Income + Amortization + Depreciation – Capital Expenditures 

As portfolio manager Christopher Davis of Davis Selected Advisors puts it, “If you owned 100% of this business, how much cash would you have in your pocket at the end of the year?”

Because it adjusts for accounting entries like amortization and depreciation that do not affect the company’s cash balances, owner earnings can be a better measure than reported net income.

To fine-tune the definition of owner earnings, you should also subtract from reported net income:

• any costs of granting stock options, which divert earnings away from existing shareholders into the hands of new inside owners.
• Any “unusual,” “nonrecurring,” or “extraordinary” charges.
• Any “income” from the company’s pension fund.

If owner earnings per share have grown at a steady average of at least 6% or 7% over the past 10 years, the company is a stable generator of cash, and its prospects for growth are good. 


Next, look at the company’s capital structure. Turn to the balance sheet to see how much debt (including preferred stock) the company has; in general, long-term debt should be under 50% of total capital. In the footnotes to the financial statements, determine whether the long-term debt is fixed-rate (with constant interest payments) or variable (with payments that fluctuate, which could become costly if interest rates rise).

Look in the annual report for the exhibit or statement showing the “ratio of earnings to fixed charges.” That exhibit to Amazon.com’s 2002 annual report shows that Amazon’s earnings fell $145 million short of covering its interest costs. In the future, Amazon will either have to earn much more from its operations or find a way to borrow money at lower rates. Otherwise, the company could end up being owned not by its shareholders but by its bondholders, who can lay claim to Amazon’s assets if they have no other way of securing the interest payments they are owed. (To be fair, Amazon’s ratio of earnings to fixed charges was far healthier in 2002 than two years earlier, when earnings fell $1.1 billion short of covering debt payments.)

A few words on dividends and stock policy

• The burden of proof is on the company to show that you are better off if it does not pay a dividend. If the firm has consistently outperformed the competition in good markets and bad, the managers are clearly putting the cash to optimal use. If, however, business is faltering or the stock is underperforming its rivals, then the managers and directors are misusing the cash by refusing to pay a dividend.

• Companies that repeatedly split their shares—and hype those splits in breathless press releases—treat their investors like dolts. Like Yogi Berra, who wanted his pizza cut into four slices because “I don’t think I can eat eight,” the shareholders who love stock splits miss the point. Two shares of a stock at $50 are not worth more than one share at $100. Managers who use splits to promote their stock are aiding and abetting the worst instincts of the investing public, and the intelligent investor will think twice before turning any money over to such condescending manipulators.

• Companies should buy back their shares when they are cheap—not when they are at or near record highs. Unfortunately, it recently has become all too common for companies to repurchase their stock when it is overpriced. There is no more cynical waste of a company’s cash—since the real purpose of that maneuver is to enable top executives to reap multimillion-dollar paydays by selling their own stock options in the name of “enhancing shareholder value.”

A substantial amount of anecdotal evidence, in fact, suggests that managers who talk about “enhancing shareholder value” seldom do. In investing, as with life in general, ultimate victory usually goes to the doers, not to the talkers.

为何没有第二个巴菲特？

世界500名最富有的人，都是靠经营某种事业成功而致富的，巴菲特是惟一“不事生产”，单靠股票投资而挤身世界500强者。他的财富，仅次於世界首富茨盖。

研究巴菲特成功秘诀的书，少说也有一两百种，模仿他的投资法的人，当不在少数，然而世上却未闻出现第二个巴菲特，何也？

实际上，在美国，曾有不少基金经理，师法巴菲特之投资法，对巴菲特亦步亦趋，却没有听说有那一个基金，创造了如巴菲特般的辉煌业绩。

不仅是巴菲特，其他投资大师，都成为无数投资者崇拜的偶像，如彼得林奇（Peter Lynn）、邓普顿（Sir John Teupleton）、菲力辉塞（Philip Fisher）、罗杰斯（Jim Rogers）等，都是投资界巨人，为基金投资者创造庞大的财富，本身也成为富豪。

这些杰出的投资家，都曾著书立说，与投资大众分享他们的投资经验，私淑这些大师的人，难以计数，然而却没有听说有第二个彼得林奇、邓普顿、菲力辉塞、罗杰斯的出现，何也？

原来学习任何的技艺，或从事任何的事业，都可以分为两个层次，第一个层次是“方法”，第二个层次是“心法”。

长期醖酿

所谓“戏法人人会变，巧妙各自不同”，师傅可以教你怎样变戏法，而且只要中等资质的人，都可以学会，因为这是“方法”，“方法”是基率的技术，但是如何把戏法变得“巧妙”，就要提升到“心法”的层次了，“心法”是天份。

领悟训练及经验的综合体，必须经过长期的醖酿才能得到，这就要靠徒弟自动自发的去摸索，去不断的练习，才有可能成功，所谓“熟能生巧”，要“巧”，必须“熟”，熟到极点，则“心法”自然水到渠成。

譬如打球，教练可以教你“方法”，但是要成为奥运会冠军，就要靠运动员本身的资质、领悟、训练及经验的累积，到了“庖丁解牛”时，“以神遇而不以目视，官知止而神欲行”（白话：用心神去领会而不必用眼睛去观看，器官（指手）的作用停止了，只是心神在运行操作）（庄子“养生主”）。

到了上下纵横皆如意的境界，“心法”就产生了。

又譬如武术，师傅可以教你如何使刀弄棍，而且一般资质的徒弟都学得懂，因为这是“方法”。

不假思索

但是，在迎敌时，你如何见招拆招，化解对方的攻势，就必须学到不假思索就作出反应的地步才行，如果你的招数停留在“方法”的层面，对方出招时你才来想一想用什么招数去应付，肯定一败涂地。

武艺练到不假思索，自然而然的出招的地步，才可以成为“高手”，“高手”必然有“心法”。

再譬如驾车，你的驾车技术必须到了不假思索就摆动驾驶盘的地步，才可以避免车祸。

如果你看到一只野狗突然奔出公路，你才来思索要把车子摆向何方，你准会出事，不假思索就把车子驾到左方或右方，避开野狗，其实就是“心法”在操作。

股票投资亦如此，尽人皆知低买高卖可以赚钱，何以那么多人赔本？何以在低的时候不买，高的时候不卖？为什么低不买却高买。高不卖却低卖？

因为你还停留在“方法”的层面，没有到达“心法”的层面。

在“方法”的层面，你在股价低跌时，希望跌得更低，所以始终不敢出手，也不知如何出手。

就好像只懂得花拳绣腿的武师，见对方使出一记“黑虎偷心”时，才来思索如何拆招，已是太迟了。

低不买，是因为你平时不做功课，不知股票的价值，所以不敢买进。

勤做功课做到“低买”

如果你平时勤做功课，对股票的价值了然於心，当股价跌到低水平时，你知道价值是被低估了，就自然而然的产生买进的胆识，做到“低买”。

让我举一个实例：去年当嘉利丹（Kretam）的股价徘徊在1令吉20仙的水平时，我曾向一些股友建议买进，但多数人的反应是“这是一只劣股”，不要买进。

因为他们所记得的，是10年前的嘉利丹，那时嘉里丹由于属下股票行、高达2亿多令吉的烂账而陷入困境，几乎没顶。

该公司进行业务重组，发出一系列的可赎回及不可赎回债券，这些债券利息和数额各异。

该公司靠着3万6000英亩油棕园的盈利，加上脱售一些非核心资产，逐步赎回债券，加以注销，经过了将近10年的奋斗，终於一步一步的还清债务。

到去年8月时终於无债一身轻，手头甚至还有数千万令吉的现金，试问一家在沙巴拥有3万6000英亩油棕园，完全没有负债的公司，怎么会出毛病？怎能称为“劣股”？

为什么嘉利丹会给投资者以“劣股”的印象？

原来该公司的债券有多种，利息和还期不同，该公司忍辱负重，默默地，一步一步地赎回，每年赎回的数额，胥视公司的盈利而定，除非肯下工夫去挖掘这些资料，又长期追踪该公司财务进展情况。

错失良机

否则，很难了解该公司的实况，到投资机会出现时，投资者脑海中只记得10年前嘉利丹陷困时的惨状，看不到火浴后重生的嘉利丹，就这样错过了低价买进嘉利丹的机会。

另一个原因是多数人不了解油棕园的价值。

目前沙巴油棕园每英亩的市价高达2万5000令吉，假如以每股1令吉20仙买进嘉利丹，等于以3亿令吉购买3万6000英亩油棕园，平均每英亩买价约为8000令吉，以8000令吉买进价值2万5000令吉的油棕园，风险何在？

为什么不买，因为不了解，不了解，是因为没做功课。

特此声明，我只是举嘉利丹为实例，说明何以投资者做不到“低买”，并非推荐投资者买进嘉利丹。

提升层次

毕竟现在嘉利丹的股价已直逼2令吉20仙，而不是1令吉20仙了。

如上所说，投资者若无法将自己提升到具有“心法”的层次，岂不是没机会在股市赚钱
是的，如果要成为第二个巴菲特，就非有巴菲特的“心法”不可，很少人能达到巴菲特的“心法”水平，所以很少人，甚至没有人可以成为第二个巴菲特。

但是，身为普通人的散户，也不必成为第二个巴菲特，只要能做到每年取得15%复利增长率的成绩，投资30年，到退休时就可以做到“财务自主”，做个有尊严的乐龄人。

身为凡夫俗子，我们只要坚持一些原则，脚踏实地进行投资，不投机，不取巧，就可以取得可观的投资成绩。

财富不能无中生有

这些原则包括：

1.一定要相信：财富不能“无中生有”，一定要有“价值”作为后盾，才能持久。没有价值的资产，就是“泡沫”，随时会消失。没有价值的股票，有如建在沙丘上的大厦，随时会倒塌。

2.没有成长的股票不会增值，成长时有时无，甚至负成长的股票价值飘浮不定，股价随之起舞，很难捉摸。

3.最好的股票，是盈利长期保持稳健成长的公司的股票，稳健但长期成长，胜过高成长但不稳健的股票。成长率不必高，只要年年取得15%以上的成长，就可以成为蓝筹股，值得长期持有。

4.价值“需要时间去创造，不能一蹴即成。果子需要时间成熟，树木需要时间成长，同样的，生意需要时间去完成。

生意是一种过程，从买原料，制成产品、销售、收账，每个环节都需要时间去完成，需要按步就班进行，绝无魔术可变。

你必须给时间让你所投资的公司去完成这个过程，为你创造价值，故投资宜长期，长期才能累积财富，并无捷径可循，快餐式的投资无法致富，快速致富根本行不通。

5.长期投资只需看股市大势，不必理会短期的波动，预测短期股市成功的巴仙率很低，不值得去尝试。

股市的运作有如一场球赛，你永远不知道对方会把球打向那一个方向。你不是他，怎么知道他在想什么？做什么？你又怎样能打败对手？

参与大马股市的，少说也有400万人，等于有400万种想法。庄子与惠子在濠梁上观鱼，庄子说：河中之鱼悠游自在，所以很快乐。惠子说：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”（你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼快乐？）（庄子“秋水”）

同样的，你只是400万投资者之一，怎么知道其他399万9999名投资者在想什么？

股市只看大势即可

又何况世界每一个角落所发生的大事，都可能影响他们的想法，预测他们的动向是白费心机。故股市只看大势即可，不必理会短期波动，大势如潮汐，可以预测，短期波动如波浪，千变万化，根本不能预测。

股票投资，如果要取得大师般的超常成绩，就要有大师“心法”的层次，并非普通人可以做到，作为普通人，只要能取得超越大势的成绩，已属杰出投资者。

你若能坚持以上5原则，即使没有特出表现，要在退休时达到“财务自主”，绝对可能！

养成投资成功的习惯

影响一个人成功或失败的因素很多，其中之一就是他的习惯。

习惯是一个人重复做同一个动作所形成的，做得多了，就在不知不觉中成为他的身心的一部份，所谓习惯成自然是也。

养成习惯之后，当他处在同一个环境中时，他的潜意识就会指示他做同样的动作，他在不假思索的情况下去做，做得多了，就变成上瘾，一旦上瘾，就很难改掉，故习惯可改，上瘾难戒。

从“瘾”字的部首为“疒”，可以看出“瘾”是一种病态，除非有巨大的决心，瘾将陪一个人走完他痛苦的一生。

习惯有好坏之分，好的习惯使你一生受惠，坏的习惯戕害你一生。就以股票投资来说，如果你养成坏的投资习惯，而这习惯又慢慢的发展成“瘾”，那么你就不可能投资成功，最好的选择是退出股市。

天堂地狱一念间

正如我所说的，习惯未到上瘾的地步，是有可救之药的。如果你想在股市成功，请你现在就下决心，改掉使你失败的投资习惯。

改掉习惯的最好方法，就是以好的习惯代替坏的习惯。

因为在驱除坏习惯之后所留下的真空，如果没有新的东西填满它的话，坏习惯会故态复萌，重新抬头，那时要再扑灭它，就要有更大的决心，成功的机会就降低了。

所以，改掉坏习惯和培养好习惯，必须同步就行，才能奏效，使你的投资走上成功大道。

首先你一定要检讨你自己，你在股市一、二十年，竟然一无所获，以至搞到焦头烂额，足以证明你现在所用的方法是错误的，如果经过一、二十年都还赚不到钱，除非你改弦易辙，你不可能在股市赚钱，那是肯定的。

股市本身是中性的，如果你态度正确，股市将是一座金矿，如果你态度错误，股市将是你的坟墓。是走向天堂还是地狱，只是一念之间而已。

改掉坏习惯，从养成好习惯开始。

习惯1 买卖不应频仍

第一个导致大多数股票投资者失败的坏习惯，就是买卖过于频仍。

大部份人都有一种错误的想法，以为买卖越多，动作越快，赚钱就越多，殊不知适得其反。在股市中越活跃的人，越难赚钱，在股市中被烧伤手的都是那些抢进杀出的投机客。

股市中的“过动儿”，都是玩短线的投机客，短线投机必须有预测股市动向的能力，才有可能获利，而要预测短期股市的动向，几乎是不可能的事。

是的，预测偶尔会准确，但长期来说，失败的巴仙率肯定远远的超过成功率，如果你在股市中进出一、二十年，仍无法藉此累积财富，就证明此路不通，这是一条死胡同，越早离开对你越有利。

动作越少越好

有些人在股市中，动作频仍，养成了天天抢进杀出的习惯，到达了“成瘾”的地步，不买不卖，周身不自在。

尤其是在活跃的牛市中目睹“赌友”呼卢喝雉，他难耐寂寞，贪念顿起，就不知不觉加入战围，殊不知这是一条不归路，陷他自己和他的家人于万劫不复之地，实在可怜。

你如果想在股市赚钱，当务之急，就是马上减少交易的次数。

记住，动作越少越好，在股市累积财富的，都是不活跃的投资者。

马上戒掉短线投机的恶习，转而养成长期投资的好习惯，痛下决心，现在就改，不要等到明天，如果你找藉口，原谅自己，你将永远改不了。

习惯2 控制自己的情绪

第二个导致投资失败的坏习惯，就是不能控制你的情绪。

大部份失败者都是因为压制不了买进卖出的冲动。

他们的行动，是由情绪控制。

在熊市中，股价跌到离谱的低点，当股票价值被严重低估时，本来是最好的买进机会，但他们的心，被恐惧所笼罩，使他不敢买进，使买进良机，与他擦身而过。

在牛市中，股价已登峰造极，股票价值已被严重高估，原本是最好的卖出时机，但他抑制不了贪婪的驱使，反而高价买进，使他成为“高买”的牺牲品。

不轻信消息

股票就是公司的股份，买股份就是与人合股做生意，参股之前必须慎重考虑，才作出决定。

如果你在牛气冲天，或在一知半解的人的推荐下，或是受到谣言的驱使，未作深入的考量，就贸贸然投入巨资，你不大可能成功。

无论消息多么好，你都不可冲动，把动作放慢一些，最好是走到股票行外面，吸一口新鲜空气，使你的情绪平静下来，使你的头脑清醒过来。

你也许会突然发现，那个“消息”其实是一个陷阱，太好的消息，通常都不是好消息，不可轻信。

你有买进的冲动，是因为你怕失去机会，其实，那是过虑，你的投资经验丰富后，你会发现，你所买进的为你赚取庞大盈利的，都是经过深入思考之后才买进的好股，很少是在仓促间买进的“明星股”。

请不用担心失去机会，因为只要股市存在，机会就存在，没有买到一只股票，焉知不是塞翁失马？

所以，不要急，慢慢选，细细挑，上市公司1000家，你一定可以买到你心仪的好股。

习惯3 只信事实 不信意见

第三个习惯是只相信“事实”，不相信“意见”。

“事实”是以确实的资料作后盾，“意见”往往是一种猜测。

这是一只好股，因为它有长久的盈利纪录，有合理的股息，稳健的财政情况，可靠的掌舵人等等，这些都是年报中白纸黑字印出来的，并不是猜测，根据“事实”作出决定，可以减低风险，提高成功率。

如果有人说这是一只“好股”，但没办法提出事实来证明，这是“意见”，意见往往是免费的，可能是好的，但在大多数情况下是含有毒素的、信不得。

巴菲特说：“你的决定是正确的，因为你是根据事实作出的。”

大马股市有400万股民，每一个人意见不同，所以有400万种意见，但大马有1000家上市公司，每家上市公司只有一套事实和数据。

一家公司绝对不能有两种事实和数据，否则，可能会面对除牌的惩罚，故事实和数据可靠，意见不可靠，投资所涉及的款额动辄以万令吉计，怎可根据不可靠的意见作出投资决定呢？

你不觉得很荒谬吗？很幼稚吗？

习惯4 靠人不如靠己

第四个习惯是靠自己，不靠别人。

大部份投资者都有一个弱点，就是总喜欢问别人股市会起吗？会跌吗？什么股值得买？什么时候该卖等等。

自己不动脑筋，以别人的意见为依归，殊不知那个“别人”也并不比他高明，结果是问道于盲。

自己动手做功课吧，那才是长久之计，临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网。不要向别人讨鱼吃，自己学习捕鱼，那才是治本之道。

全球有70亿人口，就有70亿张不同的面孔，你绝对无法在这个世界上找到一模一样的两张脸孔。

同样的，400万大马股民，每个人的年龄、性格、想法、教养、价值观、人生观、态度，甚至嗜好，都完全不同，所以，你应该确立一套适合你应用，为你带来绩效的投资法。

如果此法长期为你赚到钱，就表示你找到了你的秘诀，坚持下去，不要三心两意，不要舍弃你的强点而采用别人的弱点。

钱是要你自己去赚的，别人没有替你赚钱的义务。

你亏了本，你有切肤之痛，别人却毫无感觉，他为什么要花精神为你筹划赚钱呢？

路要你自己去走，别人不能代你走，天下没有免费的午餐，一分耕耘一分收获，要别人“多朗”你，对你的智力是一种侮辱。

乐龄人股票投资法

常常有人问我：“你还有投资股票吗？”

一般人都认为，股票风险高，所以不适合乐龄人士投资。我是乐龄人，所以他们有此一问。

通常我不会直接回答他们的这个问题，如果他们是做生意的，我会反问他们：“你花了几十年的心血，建立起现在的生意，现在生意稳定了，基础稳如泰山，你有固定的收入，现在你退休了，应该享清福了，你为什么不把生意卖掉，或是清盘，手持现金，安享晚年？”


卖盘反应快

他们年逾古稀，对别的问题反应比年轻人迟钝了些，但对于把生意卖掉或清盘的问题，反应可是快如闪电：“我一生奋斗，就是为了建立稳定的生意，以赚取稳定的盈利，使我晚年高枕无忧，我怎么可以把生意卖掉或是清盘呢？”

如果他们是种油棕的，我会反问他们：“你经营这片油棕园，已三、四十年了吧？

靠着这片油棕园，你把儿女养大，教育成人，他们都已成家立业，你的责任完了，现在，你年迈力衰了，再也不能亲自管理油棕园了。”

“现在油棕价高，油棕园价值比过去任何时期都更高，你何不乘机卖掉，收取现金，安度晚年？”

油棕园小园主多数会不假思索地回答：“我辛苦数十年，所盼的就是今天这样的日子。

责任完了，而油棕园收入源源而来，我可以把油棕园交给承包商去收割棕果，我和老伴可以自由自在遨游天下，稳定的收入使我无后顾之忧，我怎能把油棕园卖掉？

卖掉油棕园等于杀掉会生金蛋的鹅，我才没这么笨呢！”

如果他是靠产业收租的乐龄人，我会问他：“你以分期付款购置的店铺，经过20年的分期摊还，20年来，租金都交给银行，你一无所得，现在供完了，租金全部归你，你有稳定的收入，晚年可保无忧。

不轻易放弃

但是，近年来产业价格暴涨，你的产业从来没有像现在那么值钱，你何不把店铺卖掉，把钱存在银行吃利息，这样可以省却收租的麻烦！”

他会勃然变色曰：“我辛苦几十年，盼的就是今天，我怎么可以把店铺卖掉？作为乐龄人，稳定的收入比巨额的现金更重要呀！”

是的，生意人不会在晚年把生意卖掉或清盘。

油棕小园主不会在晚年卖掉油棕园；店铺业主不会在退休后把店铺脱售。

理由只有一个：他们奋斗一生，就是为了晚年有稳定的收入，使他们晚年生活无忧。他们成功了，现在正是享受他们的成果的时候，他们怎能把数十年努力的事业结束掉呢？

年轻时种树，是希望年老时能吃到甜美的果子，现在果实累累，他们有什么理由把果树砍掉？有这样的道理吗？

买股票就是买公司的股份，买股份就是与人合股做生意，现在生意成功了，你每年都可以分到稳定的股息了，稳定的股息收入使你晚年生活无忧，你却在这个时候把股票卖掉，等于杀掉会生蛋的金鹅，这样的行为合理吗？

许多人忘记了，你买股票，就是参股做生意，只是你不会亲自去管理这盘生意而已。

买上市公司的股票，跟参股于私人公司做生意，没有什么分别。

许多人在年轻时与朋友合股做生意，只占股本的数巴仙，一路来也不过问公司的业务，数十年之后，他退休了，才发现他年轻时投资数千令吉，年老时已增值至数十万令吉，每年都可以分得丰厚的红利，他就靠红利过着写意的晚年生活。

累计优质股

如果他在年轻时，买进一些优质上市公司的股票，例如大众银行、吉隆甲洞、星狮、马银行……等，数十年后的今天，这些股票连同红股、附加股在内，1000令吉的投资，现在已价值100万令吉或更多，与参股于私人公司相比，不遑多让。

现在，由于股价高涨，或是年老了，就把这些累积了数十年的股票卖掉，把现金存在银行，让通膨不断的侵蚀其价值，这样岂是明智之举？

是的，在年轻的时候就开始累积优质股，买了就不卖，到乐龄时就必然能过“财务自主”的晚年。

问题是时光不能倒流，大部分人在年轻时都没有想过要这样做，乐龄方悔投资迟，又有什么用呢？

到乐龄之年，是不是就不能投资股票？

却也不是。

不能再冒险

不过，乐龄人不能冒年轻人那样的投资风险。

年轻人投资，若有闪失，仍有时间去补救，所以，即使投资风险较高亦无妨。

故年轻人投资可以侧重资本增值，但乐龄人宜侧重股息收入。

钓大鱼

庄子“外物篇”有这样的一则寓言：任国有一名任公子，人人都叫他“钓鱼王”。尊之为“钓鱼王”，是因为他所用的钓具和他的钓鱼方式，都无人能比。他所用的钓鱼索，粗到两手十指围成圆形，指尖仍无法合拢，大概比槟城大桥的钢索更粗，故称为“索”，不称为“线”。

寓言没说钓钩有多大，只说是“大钩”。但是，从他所用的鱼饵，就可以想像鱼钩之大。原来他所用的鱼饵，是50头大肥牛，能钩住50头大肥牛的钓钩，其大可想而知。任公子带着钓具，爬上了浙江的会稽山－这会稽山，大概就是“兰亭集序”中“会于会稽山阴之兰亭“的会稽山吧，我去过山下举行”修稧事“的流觞曲水，从这里举首眺望会稽山，目弗能极其巅焉，可见其高之一斑。任公子站在会稽山之巅，运其神力，将一端钩着50头大肥牛的钓鱼索，挥向数百里外的东海，50头大肥牛落在海中，海水四溅，激起千重浪，壮哉！

非大鱼不钓为什么任公子选择“东海”，因为东海够深，水深才有大鱼，而他非大鱼不钓。东海有多深？庄子“秋水篇”的另一则寓言有交待。话说水井中有一只青蛙，一向只坐井观天，没见过世面，他遇到东海的一只鳖，极言水井之好处，世间无可比拟，诚邀东海之鳖光临，亲身体验住在水井中之无穷乐趣。青海之鳖被说动了心，爬上岸来，要进入水井，不料一只脚一伸进井，就被卡住了，赶快拔出来，他告诉青蛙东海之大：“夫千里之远，不足以举（形容）其大，千仞（八千尺）不足以极其深”。一口井，竟容不下一只鳖脚，则鳖之大，可想而知。东海之鳖尚如此之大，则东海之鱼有多大就不难想像得出了，难怪要钓大鱼的任公子，选择去东海。

人鱼大博斗任公子就这样天天蹲在会稽山上，等待大鱼上钩，整整蹲了一年，仍毫无动静。一年后的一天，50头浮在水面的大肥牛，突然迅速下沉，巨口足以吞舟的一条大鱼，一口咬住50头大牛，没入海中，任公子奋力回收钓鱼索，大鱼浮出水面，拼命挣扎，长鳍掀起滔天巨浪，海水震荡，千里之外的人都为之惊骇。像“老人与海”中的老人那样，经过一番人鱼搏斗，任公子终於成功的把大鱼拖上岸来。所不同的是“老人与海”中的老人所拖上岸的，只是一副鱼骨头，而任公子拖上岸的，可是一条活生生的，其大无比的大鱼。这条大鱼有多大？寓言说任公子将鱼切成鱼片，风乾，然后分发给“制河”（浙江）以东，“苍梧”（湖南）以北的人，每个人都吃饱了。一条鱼竟可以让由浙江到湖南的数千万人吃饱，其大可知。

任公子怎样钓到大鱼？我们可以从这则寓言学到什么？又得到什么启示？

1.目标 非赚大钱不可
任公子一开始，就把目标锁定在“大鱼”上，对于小鱼，不屑一顾。志乎大者，方能成其大。志乎小者，只能成其小。在股票投资上，大部份人所犯的最大错误，就是志在赚取小利，满足於赚取一顿午餐的回报，没有藉股票投资累积庞大财富的雄心，故无法成大器。

2.选择 瞄准投资对象
任公子选定了达成目标所需的用具：粗大的钓鱼索（巨缁），大得惊人的大钓钩（大鉤 ），以50头大肥牛为鱼饵（50犗以为饵）。没有这么大的钓具，如何能钓到大鱼？投资者开始投资时，必须选定投资对象，如果所选的对象，潜能不大，投资了数十年之后才发现他所选择的对象，只局限於赚小钱，没有赚大钱的潜能，那时候悔之已迟矣。股票和地产没有极限，可以做到无限大，是最好的对象。

3.行动 化梦想为事实
任公子采取实际行动来实现他钓大鱼的雄心壮志。他选定了高耸入云的会稽山（蹲乎会稽），挥动钓竿，将钩着50头大肥牛的钓鱼索，挥向东海（投竿东海）。许多股票投资者，看到别人在股市赚到大钱，他也心动了，但没有行动，遇到机会出现时，不是准备得不够，便是犹豫不决，结果坐失良机，苏州过了没船搭，事过境迁，才徒呼负负，又有何用？坐言起行，是成功的座右铭。这就是许多人在2009年春天股市最低潮时，错过买进良机的原因。记住：心动不如行动。只有行动，才能化梦想为事实。

4.耐心 投资致富要诀
任公子有惊人的耐心。每天蹲在会稽山上，把钓竿挥向东海，如此经过一整年，仍一无所获，他不放弃，他知道他所要钓的大鱼，就潜伏在“千仞不足以极其深”的海底，上钩只是时间问题。（旦旦而钓，期年不得鱼）。耐心，是投资致富的最重要条件之一。许多人在选定股项之后，明知有关股票具有成长潜能，就是没有耐心长期持有，没有给时间让有关股票成长。他经不起寂寞的煎熬，把具有潜能的股票卖掉，改买热门股，以期快速致富，结果是欲速不达，最后一事无成。人生白走了一趟。只有长期投资，才有可能累积致富，投机取巧，永远无法致富。

5.考验 切忌半途而废
任公子经得起考验，与大鱼作一番惊天动地的搏斗之后，终於把大鱼拖上来。在挥竿一整年，把50头牛一次又一次的抛向东海，大鱼终於一口咬住50头大牛，已而大鱼食之拉着大鱼钩，沉没在大海中（牵巨钩，陷没而下），扬起力大无穷的鱼鳍，拼命的挣扎，游向海底（骛扬而奋鬐）。这场惊天动地的搏斗，激起巨浪滔天，有如大山，海水震荡，声势有如神怒鬼号，连1000里以外的人，也为之惊骇震慑（白波若山，海水震荡，声侔鬼神，惮赫千里）。他沉着应战，终於把大鱼拖上岸来。很多人经不起股市激烈波动的考验，半途而废，实在可惜。

6.分享 共享投资成果
任公子与所有人分享他所钓到的大鱼，这种取之社会用诸社会的精神，殊为难得。他把所钓到的鱼（任公子得若鱼），把它割成鱼片风乾（离而腊之），分发给由浙江到湖南的广大人民，没有一个人不饱餐此鱼肉的（自制河以东，苍梧以北，莫不厌若鱼者）。投资成功，小者照顾家庭，大者利惠苍生（如盖茨与巴菲特之捐出大部份财富作慈善），善莫大焉。

投机难赚大钱
庄子在讲完这则寓言之后，感触良深说：“后世那些有小聪明，而又习惯於讥讽别人的成功的人，此时才惊相走告，说任公子了不起（已而后世辁才讽说之徒，皆惊而相告也）。他们那里知道，拿着小钓竿细线，到小沟渠垂钓守候，希望像泥鳅、鲫鱼这类小鱼上钓，想要以此去钓到大鱼，那真是难之又难。（夫揭竿累，趣灌渎，守鲵鲋，其於得大鱼难矣）。那些在股市抢进杀出，博取蝇头小利之投机者，要想在股市赚大钱，难矣哉！